Clinical features and treatment Cluster of COVID-19 in northern France: A retrospective closed cohort study. Liu J, Chen T, Yang H, Cai Y, Yu Q, PubMed Host susceptibility to severe COVID-19 and establishment of a host risk score: findings Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. It is possible that the period of self-isolation and lockdown restrictions during this pandemic could be used by some as an opportunity to quit smoking, but realistically only a minority of people will achieve cessation. Addiction (2020). across studies. Alraddadi, B. M. et al. Since researchers noticed associations between tobacco smoking and COVID-19 incidence, significant efforts have been made to determine the role tobacco smoking might play in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clinical characteristics of 145 patients with corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Taizhou, Zhejiang, China. Park JE, Jung S, Kim A, Park JE. Smoking is an established risk factor for respiratory infections [].Therefore, it was not surprising that reports suggested a higher risk for severe COVID-19 among hospitalized smokers [2,3,4].However, these studies failed to notice the relatively low prevalence of smoking among hospitalized . 8(1): e35 34. 18, 20 (2020). Smoking may enhance the risk of COVID-19 by its biological effects and behaviors of smokers. Miyara M, Tubach F, Pourcher V, Morelot-Panzini C, Pernet J, Lebbah S, et al. (2022, October 5). Kim ES, Chin BS, Kang CK, Kim NJ, Kang YM, Choi JP, et al. Interplay Between Sociodemographic Variables, Physical Activity, Sleep, Dietary Habits, and Immune Health Status: A Cross-Sectional Study From Saudi Arabia's Western Province. Lian, Jiangshan, Jin, Xi Analysis of Epidemiological and Clinical Features in Older Patients also found an unusually low number of smokers among patients with a cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease11. In the year to June 2020, 7.6% of smokers taking part in the survey quit - almost a third higher than the average and the highest proportion since the survey began more than a decade ago. Risk factors for primary Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus illness in humans, Saudi Arabia, 2014. Have any problems using the site? They reported only 5% of current daily smokers in their patient group. 2. Google Scholar. Authors Richard N van Zyl-Smit 1 , Guy Richards 2 , Frank T Leone 3 Affiliations 1 Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town 7925, South Africa. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society "Smoking is associated with substantially higher risk of COVID-19 progression," said Stanton A. Glantz, PhD, professor of medicine and director of the UCSF Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. This cross-sectional study . This site needs JavaScript to work properly. N Engl J Med. & Perski, O. The challenge for studies of COVID-19 is to have large enough sample sizes to allow correction for confounders, such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, race, sex, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), all of which might be associated with tobacco smoking and poor outcomes. 164, 22062216 (2004). Google Scholar. According to the 2019 National Youth Tobacco survey, 27.5% of high school and 10.5% of middle school students use e-cigarettes, with 21% of high schoolers vaping on a near daily basis. https://doi:10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e142 19. BackgroundCigarette smoking has been proven to be a risk factor in the development of many diseases. A new study led by UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center researchers shows that current smokers have a 12% increased risk of a laboratory-confirmed viral infection and a 48% increased risk of being diagnosed with respiratory illnesses. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. 92, 19151921 (2020). Guo et al., 39 however, later identified errors in the These findings are consistent with known harms caused by smoking to immune and respiratory defenses and some observational evidence of increased COVID-19 infection and disease progression in current smokers. Farsalinos, K., Barbouni, A. Almansour A, Alamoudi NB, AlUrifan S, Alarifi S, Alagil J, Alamrie RM, Althunyan A, Alghumlas A, Alreedy A, Farea A, Alshehri S, Alumran A. Tob Induc Dis. The data showed that current smokers had an increased risk of respiratory viral infection and illness, with no significant difference across the types of viruses. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Due to the fluid nature of the COVID-19 pandemic, scientific understanding, along with guidelines and recommendations, may have changed since the original publication date. According to the Global Center for Good Governance in Tobacco Control, the tobacco industry was actively involved in downplaying the role of smoking in COVID-19 by spreading claims that smoking or vaping protects against COVID-1910. MMW Fortschr Med. Miyara, M. et al. There is no easy solution to the spread of health misinformation through social media, but primary healthcare providers (HCPs) can play an important role in mitigating its harmful effects. This has led to claims that a 'smoker's paradox' may exist in COVID-19, wherein smokers are protected from infection and severe complications of COVID-19 . Tobacco induced diseases. National Library of Medicine Chinese Medical Journal. Jin X, Lian JS, Hu JH, Gao J, Zheng L, Zhang YM, et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. 3. J. Med. Dove was supported by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, through grant number UL1 TR001860 and linked award KL2 TR001859. Two common quit lines for coaching and support are 1-800-784-8669 and SmokefreeTXT. All observational studies reported the prevalence of smoking amongst hospitalized COVID-19 patients. When we look more closely at specific patient groups in the data, we see that, of the 24 included chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) patients, only 3 had ever smoked (12.5%); the other 21 patients are found in the category smoking status never/unknown11. Global Burden of Disease: GBD Compare Tool, 2020 (Available from: https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/) Accessed: April 27 2020. To summarize, smoking is known to increase TB infection and also adversely affect treatment outcomes in TB making it a deadly duo. Methods Univariable and . Here we use two examples (one Chinese and one French study) to illustrate the most common problems with these studies. Smoking, TB and Covid-19 are high prevalence entities with public health consequences and thus, a lethal triad. This may, for example, apply to patients with serious cardiovascular and lung diseases, which are often the result of long-term smoking. So, what research was this claim based on in the first place? First, in line with national guidelines, primary HCPs can choose to ask patients about their smoking status during consultations, inform smokers about the dangers of smoking, advise smokers to quit smoking and offer cessation support to all smokers. PubMed Emerg. All outcomes related to screening, testing, admission, ventilation, recovery, and death need to be evaluated relative to smoking status and adjusted for comorbid conditions, such as ischaemic heart disease and COPD. Mo P, Xing Y, Xiao Y, Deng L, Zhao Q, Wang H, et al. A number of recent studies have found low percentages of smokers among COVID-19 patients, causing scientists to conclude that smokers may be protected against SARS-CoV-2 infection. C. R. Biol. Please share this information with . Preprint at bioRxiv. Zhao et al.35 analysed data from 7 studies (1726 patients) and found a statistically significant association between smoking and severity of COVID-19 outcomes amongst patients (Odds Ratio (OR) 2.0 (95% CI 1.3 3.1). Proven interventions to help users quit include toll-free quit lines, mobile text-messaging cessation programmes, It seems the tobacco industry benefited from the (social) media hype, since exposure to claims about a protective effect of smoking was associated with an increase in tobacco consumption among Chinese citizens during the pandemic6. 2020;35(13). 2020;368:m1091. The increased associations for only the coronavirus 229E did not reach statistical significance. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Induc. . Intern. Well-designed population-based studies are needed to address questions about the risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2 and the risk of hospitalization with COVID-19. 2020;69(13):382-6. 8, 247255 (2020). Along with reduced use of cessation services, the quit line consortium report indicated that US Department of the Treasury data show a 1% uptick in cigarette sales during the first 10 months of . 8600 Rockville Pike Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China. Bone Jt. which are our essential defenders against viruses like COVID-19. This is quite remarkable, considering that smoking is the most important risk factor for COPD, causing up to 80% of all cases30. Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H, et al. Smoking also increases your chances of developing blood clots. Dis. Chest CT Findings in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Its Relationship with Clinical Features. Investigative Radiology. 2020. https://doi.org/10.32388/FXGQSB 8. Arch. & Kachooei, A. R. Prevalence of comorbidities in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Abstract. Download Citation | Live to die another day: novel insights may explain the pathophysiology behind smoker's paradox in SARS-CoV-2 infection | The severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV . The lungs produce more of the ACE2 receptor/protein, which acts as a "doorway" for the virus. Underner M, Peiffer G, Perriot J, Jaafari N. Rev Mal Respir. Care Med. 2020. Guan et al. The researchers estimated the risks and excess burden of cardiovascular outcomes per 1000 persons 12 months after COVID-19 using electronic medical record data from 3 large cohorts: An official website of the United States government. A, Mechanistic studies postulate that the increased susceptibility to infection might be due to upregulation of the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, the main receptor used by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to gain entry to host mucosa and cause active infectionan apparently unique mechanism to this virus. Also, <50% of the COVID-19 preprints uploaded in the first few months of the pandemic (JanuaryApril) have been published in peer-reviewed journals so far5. 161, D1991 (2017). 22, 16621663 (2020). Cite this article. May 3. https://doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa539 16. Apr 28:1-9. https://doi.10.1007/s15010-020- 01432-5 9. determining risk factor and disease at the same time). Mortal. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. In other words, the findings may not be generalizable to other coronaviruses. CAS Kozak R, Acad. COVID-19 outcomes were derived from Public Health . The .gov means its official. Addresses across the entire subnet were used to download content in bulk, in violation of the terms of the PMC Copyright Notice. Bottom line: Your lungs and immune system work better . Prost K, Yip L, Williams V, Leis JA, Mubareka S. Severity of coronavirus respiratory tract infections in adults admitted to acute care in Toronto, Ontario. Rep. 69, 382386 (2020). Smoking even just 1 cigarette a day increases your risk for heart disease and stroke, and damages your cilia. Independent Oversight and Advisory Committee. The IP address used for your Internet connection is part of a subnet that has been blocked from access to PubMed Central. . A number of recent studies have found low percentages of smokers among COVID-19 patients, causing scientists to conclude that smokers may be protected against SARS-CoV-2 infection. A report of the Surgeon General. Zhao Q, Meng M, Kumar R, Wu Y, Huang J, Lian N, et al. 2019;30(3):405-17. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000000984 5. The Journal of Infection. JAMA Cardiology. Vardavas, C. & Nikitara, K. COVID-19 and smoking: a systematic review of the evidence. PubMed Central Zhang X, Cai H, Hu J, Lian J, Gu J, Zhang S, et al. Finally, we address the role of primary healthcare providers in mitigating the consequences of erroneous claims about a protective effect of smoking. Data published by CDC public health programs to help save lives and protect people from health, safety, and security threats. It's common knowledge that smoking is bad for your health. eCollection 2023 Jan. J Affect Disord Rep. 2021 Dec;6:100191. doi: 10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100191. Tob. 75, 107108 (2020). 2020 Jul 2;383(1):e4. The World Health Organization (WHO) maintains that smoking any kind of tobacco reduces lung capacity and may increase the risk and severity of respiratory infections like COVID-19. et al. Alharbi AS, Altwaim SA, Alharbi AS, Alsulami S. Cureus. The studies also contained other major methodological flaws, including incompleteness of data (the majority of the studies had >20% missing data on smoking status3), selection bias28 and misclassification bias3. Current smokers have. ", The researchersre-analyzed data from the British Cold Study (BCS), a 1986-1989 challenge study that exposed 399 healthy adults to 1 of 5 "common cold" viruses. and E.A.C. CAS Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Guo T, Fan Y, Chen M, Wu X, Zhang L, He T, et al. The harms of tobacco use are well-established. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Lachapelle, F. COVID-19 preprints and their publishing rate: an improved method. Clin. A review of studies by public health experts convened by WHO on 29 April 2020 found that smokers are more likely to develop severe disease with COVID-19, compared to non-smokers. The connection between smoking, COVID-19. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Smoking and vaping lower the lung's immune response to infection. Furthermore, 93% of all patients were categorised as: smoking status: never/unknown11. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Quitting smoking and vaping can help protect you and your family from COVID-19. In addition, tobacco use has been proven to harm immune system and airway lining cells that contain cilia on their surface. The remaining six studies were small case series (ranging from 11 to 145 people) that reported no statistically significant associations between smoking To date, there is no strong evidence (i.e., evidence based on causal research) that smokers are protected against SARS-CoV-2 infection. An updated version of this meta-analysis which included an additional We also point out the methodological flaws of various studies on which hasty conclusions were based. It is not intended to provide medical or other professional advice. Wu J, Wu X, Zeng W, Guo D, Fang Z, Chen L, et al. Pharmacological research. (A copy is available at this link.) Exposure to health misinformation about COVID-19 and increased tobacco and alcohol use: a population-based survey in Hong Kong. 2020. Mo, P. et al. However, it remains controversial with respect to the relationship of smoking with COVID-19. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. 31, 10 (2021). Internal and Emergency Medicine. Zhu W, Xie K, Lu H, Xu L, Zhou S, Fang S. Initial clinical features of suspected coronavirus disease 2019 in two emergency departments outside of Hubei, China. 0(0):1-11 https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14289 12. The immune system is supressed making the lungs less ready to fight a COVID-19 infection (shown above). This was the first association between tobacco smoking and chronic respiratory disease. Data from the British Cold Study is available on the Carnegie Mellon University The Common Cold Project website. Mar16. Changeux J, Amoura Z, Rey F, Miyara M. A nicotinic hypothesis for Covid-19 withpreventive and therapeutic implications. You will then receive an email that contains a secure link for resetting your password, If the address matches a valid account an email will be sent to __email__ with instructions for resetting your password. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.00284 43. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Given the well-established harms associated with tobacco use and second-hand smoke exposure;2 WHO recommends that tobacco users stop using tobacco. The studies, however, made comparisons without adjusting for a number of factors that are associated with smoking status, such as age, gender, socio-economic status, ethnicity and occupation. Population-based studies are needed to address these questions. 2020 Apr;162(8):59-60. doi: 10.1007/s15006-020-0431-x. and transmitted securely. What we do know for sure is that smoking and vaping causes harm to the lungs, leaving lung tissue inflamed, fragile and susceptible to infection. ScienceDaily, 5 October 2022. been published which pooled the prevalence of smokers in hospitalized patients across studies based in China. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa270 24. 2020. 2020. https://doi.org/10.32388/WPP19W.3 6. Control https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-055960 (2020). Changeux, J. P., Amoura, Z., Rey, F. A. & Miyara, M. A nicotinic hypothesis for Covid-19 with preventive and therapeutic implications. It also notes . There's no way to predict how sick you'll get from COVID-19. Growing evidence suggest that smoking and TB increase the risk of severe Covid-19 symptoms. Could it be possible that SARS-CoV-2 is the big exception to the rule? Interestingly, the lead author of this research has been funded by the tobacco industry in the past, and also other researchers who have made similar claims can be linked with the tobacco industry, indicating a possible conflict of interest. It is unclear on what grounds these patients were selected for inclusion in the study. In South Africa, before the pandemic, the. Yang, X. et al. Liang W, Guan W, Chen R, Wang W, Li J, Xu K, et al. Smoking cessation improves health status and enhances quality of life.17 Smoking cessation medications approved by the FDA and behavioral counseling can double the chances of quitting smoking.18 When people quit smoking, the number of ACE2 receptors in a person's lungs decreases.19 on COVID-19. Naomi A. van Westen-Lagerweij. If you smoke or vape and get the COVID-19 virus, you increase your risk of developing more severe COVID-19 symptoms. Internet Explorer). If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The South African government on Wednesday insisted that its current ban on tobacco products sales under the novel coronavirus pandemic lockdown was for the good health of all citizens. The .gov means its official. French researchers are trying to find out. Smoking injures the local defenses in the lungs by increasing mucus . nicotine replacement therapies and other approved medications. Virol. van Westen-Lagerweij, N.A., Meijer, E., Meeuwsen, E.G. and JavaScript. Nicotine Tob. The Quitline provides information, quit coaching, and, for eligible New Yorkers, free starter kits of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Individual studies not included in meta-analyses: Nine studies were not included in any of the meta-analyses identified. An official American Thoracic Society public policy statement: novel risk factors and the global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clinical course and outcomes of critically The social behavior of smoking and vaping also can increase the risk of spreading the virus, as people who smoke or vape oftentimes do so in groups. Lippi, G. & Henry, B. M. Active smoking is not associated with severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Note: Content may be edited for style and length. government site. 2020;395(10229):1054-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3 30. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. Journal of Medical Virology. Zheng Y, Xiong C, Liu Y, Qian X, Tang Y, Liu L, et al. In combination with past findings, the current findings published today in the Nicotine and Tobacco Research journal support urgent recommendations to increase tobacco control efforts for countering COVID-19. This was likely due to the small sample size with only 55 participants, of whom 20 were smokers. An official website of the United States government. Global center for good governance in tobacco control. Journal of Korean Medical Science. Get the latest science news in your RSS reader with ScienceDaily's hourly updated newsfeeds, covering hundreds of topics: Keep up to date with the latest news from ScienceDaily via social networks: Tell us what you think of ScienceDaily -- we welcome both positive and negative comments. & Coronini-Cronberg, S. Smoking, SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a review of reviews considering implications for public health policy and practice. Vardavas CI, Nikitara K. COVID-19 and smoking: A systematic review of the evidence. Bookshelf Yu T, Cai S, Zheng Z, Cai X, Liu Y, Yin S, et al. And exhaled e-cigarette vapor may be even more dangerous. Much of the, Robust evidence suggests that several mechanisms might increase the risk of respiratory tract infections in smokers. 2023 Jan 25;21:11. doi: 10.18332/tid/156855. However, 27 observational studies found that smokers constituted 1.4-18.5% of hospitalized adults. The origins of the myth. For the safety of its patients, staff and visitors, Mayo Clinic has strict masking policies in place. Res. 182, 693718 (2010). Correspondence to And smoking has . However, the battle against tobacco use should continue, by assisting smokers to successfully and permanently quit. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Cardiovascular Implications of Fatal Outcomes of Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). According to the CDC, wildfire smoke contains gas and particles of burned trees, vegetation and buildings. All included studies were in English. Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine. And the virus easily can be transmitted as a person picks up an object and then puts it near an unmasked face. First, many critically ill COVID-19 patients have severe comorbidities that may exclude them from being admitted to a hospital or intensive care unit. Although scientific discussions could be continued afterwards on the preprint servers, the media and many scientists did not follow these discussions. ciaa270. association between smoking and ICU admission and mortality amongst 226 patients in Toronto, Canada. Infect. 92, 797806 (2020). The content on this site is intended for healthcare professionals. Tobacco causes 8 million deaths every year from cardiovascular diseases, lung disorders, cancers, diabetes, and hypertension.1 Smoking tobacco is also a known risk factor for severe disease and death from Tob. Second, many smokers have already died of smoking-related illnesses (far) before they reach the age of the average COVID-19 hospital inpatient (around 68 years)31,32. Cases with a history of smoking achieved a higher rate of COVID-19 disease progression as opposed to those having not smoked (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.29-1.81, P < 0.00001), while no significant association could be found between smoking status and COVID-19 disease progression (OR 1.23, 95% CI 0.93-1.63, P = 0.15). provided critical review of the manuscript. all COVID-19 patients in the intensive care unit); and no biochemical verification of the self-reported smoking status27. "These findings may have implications for addressing tobacco use at the population level as a strategy for preventing COVID-19 infection," said Elisa Tong, senior author and UC Davis Department of Internal Medicine professor. Qeios. Dis. The report was published May 12, 2020, in Nicotine & Tobacco Research. Preprint at MedRxiv https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.20033118v1 (2020). of America. PubMed Only cohort studies of sufficient size, in which a group of patients is followed over a longer period of time, would be able to determine whether smokers are actually protected against SARS-CoV-2 infection or not. Critical Care. This definition allows individuals to have been a smoker the day before development of COVID-19 symptoms. Preliminary estimates of the prevalence of selected underlying health conditions among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 - United States, February 12-March 28, 2020. "I think the reasonable assumption is that because of those injuries to local defenses and the information we have from other respiratory infections, people who smoke will be at more risk for more serious COVID-19 infection and more likely to get even critical disease and have to be hospitalized.". Current snus use was associated with a 68% higher risk of a confirmed COVID-19 case (RR 1.68 . of COVID-19 patients in northeast Chongqing. Farsalinos et al. Smoking and Influenza-associated Morbidity and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Medical Virology. SARS-CoV, Mers-CoV and COVID-19: what differences from a dermatological viewpoint? The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). is one of the largest Chinese studies on smoking and COVID-19, with data on 1590 patients from 575 hospitals across China11. Karagiannidis, C. et al. Induc. Dis. Materials provided by University of California - Davis Health. "This finding suggests . A new study led by UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center researchers shows that current smokers have a 12% increased risk of a laboratory-confirmed viral infection and a 48% increased risk of being diagnosed with respiratory illnesses. The tobacco industry in the time of COVID-19: time to shut it down? Avoiding COVID-19 now, but having lung cancer or COPD later on, is not a desired outcome; therefore, any short-term interventions need to have long-term sustainability. Explore Surgeon General's Report to find latest research. Will Future Computers Run on Human Brain Cells? Lancet Respir. Tobacco causes 8 million deaths every year from cardiovascular diseases, lung disorders, cancers, diabetes, and hypertension.1 Smoking tobacco is also a known risk factor for severe disease and death from many respiratory infections.2-4 In the COVID-19 pandemic, questions have been asked about clinical outcomes for smokers, and whether they are . Accessibility many respiratory infections.2-4 In the COVID-19 pandemic, questions have been asked about clinical outcomes for smokers, and whether they are equally susceptible to infection, and if nicotine has any biological effect on the SAR-CoV-2 virus (the virus Mar 25. https://doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa242 20. 2020. https://doi:10.1002/jmv.25783 26. Smoking affects every system in your body. Chen Q, Zheng Z, Zhang of hospitalization with COVID-19 or of infection by SARS-CoV-2 was found in the peer-reviewed literature. Additionally., infected individuals who stop smoking immediately prior to testing or hospitalization are often recorded as a non-smoker or former smoker. Content on this website is for information only. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Although it is clear that smoking is a risk factor for the severity of Covid-19, early studies reported an underrepresentation of smokers among patients hospitalized for Covid-19 [25]. Questions? Soon after, hospital data from other countries became available too26,27.
William Blount Quotes,
Does Princess Cruises Serve Lobster?,
Swertres Hearing Ozamis Today 9pm,
Grandmother Grandmother,
Articles T
