Males are often expected to take more responsibility for the support and protection of their families. Instead, it suggests that a myth's emphasis on setting up and then resolving conflicts reflects the binary structure of the mind and of human thought. holistic perspective. Not "imaginary". Rite of passage is a celebration of the passage which occurs when an individual leaves one group to enter another. - Totem-ism: any situation in which a special relationship was thought to exist between a social group and one or more classes of material objects, specifically animals, plants, and other natural phenomena 3. Their functions and significances are generally personal, social, symbolic, and not necessarily mandatory. In these cultures, shamans are called upon for special and individualized rituals, such as performing exorcisms, curing illnesses, warding off curses, and mediating with the world or spirits and ancestors. -An ecofeminism and witch -> interest in the Goddess, ecology, and the women's movement go hand in hand, -Argued that a defining characteristic of human societies is that they are engaged in a process of generating and sustaining systems of meaning that enable them to transcend the most basic, natural limits of existence. They are often preceded by rituals of purification, and their performances are believed to bring power or blessedness. - Universality in religion, humans naturally face toward the rising sun Lack full time religious specialists, they believe in several deities (polytheism) who control aspects of nature. Separation-withdraw from group, begin move The purpose is to mark time, to establish or maintain a connection between the performers and their cultures or communities, and to inspire active and regular participation of members of a tradition in its beliefs and practices. -"Rebounding Violence" Are social acts. 3. Calculate the lower of cost or market for the inventory applied separately to each item. Instead, they serve a symbolic, representational function. +Theory of binary oppositions (biological basis) Liminality is anti- structural. ; 5 What is the best anthropological definition of religion quizlet? 2. "Cult of Saints", List three ways in which patients are 'prepared' for the treatment by Dr. Fritz, 1. Are polytheistic. These categories are useful in application to ritual roles and functions as well. Begin taking passes before (mediums move their hands over you. Rituals called rites of passage mark ones transition through the various stages in life, from as early as conception throughout life until death, and even afterwards. Lower order systems are all about specific material goals, like money making and physical pleasures. maybe, maybe not A principle of nonviolence that forbids the killing of animals generally. myths almost always start with the phrase " once upon a time". Myth is defined by anthropologists in ways that distinguish it from both legend and folktale. Post the amounts in the General columns. Journalize the receipt of cash for the maturity value of the note on March 16, Receipt No. - Said religion was "prescribed formal behavior for occasions not given over to technical routine, having reference to beliefs in mystical beings or powers regarded as the first and final causes of effects". This period the company produced 20,000 units and used 84,160 hours of direct labor at a total cost of$1,599,040. 2. Advocating strict fidelity to a religion's presumed founding principles. & & \text { A } & \text { B } & \text { C } \\ Very individualistic early on. ", theorized a linear evolution of religion, from animism to polytheism to monotheism, wrote "The Golden Bough" + culturally and contextually driven notions As a consequence, the lives of their adherents are much more ritually defined and supported. Magicians use this to produce a desired effect by imitating it. Placed a premium on hard work and profit. This is because they function to serve as protectors and teachers to those who remain in and support the society. Following the work of Bruce Lincoln, list three ways in which female rites of passage typically differ from those of males. - Structuralism Significant here is his identification of three stages that can be seen in most such rites: the pre-ritual state, the liminal or transitional state, and the postritual state. ; 6 What do anthropological archeologists study? - Functionalism based on the society. The Christian practices of baptism and communion, the Jewish Seder, and the annual Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca are some examples. There is no practical knowledge to be gained by women since they already gained their knowledge from there mother. \text{Income from operations}&&\underline{\underline{\$\hspace{5pt}1,255,000}}\\ Belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers and forces (Anthony Wallace). May be marked ritually and symbolically by reversals of ordinary behaviour. 3. Graduate ProgramUndergraduate ProgramGraduate Degree TracksUndergrad Degree EmphasisCourses, Research AreasFaculty PublicationsCONTEXTS: UGResearchJournal, FacultyGraduate StudentsUG Peer AdvisorsStaffLeadership, Main Quad, Building 50 The more indigenous and traditional a religion, the more its rituals are presentational. Our faculty seek to understand what faith is and why faith persists, when mysticism emerges in complex societies, and how to understand claims which do not on the surface appear to be religious but are treated as central to religious identity. Thus, ritual may involve DOING some behavior but it might also involve NOT DOING some behavior (as in the case of ritual "taboos.". Seen in chiefdoms and archaic states. List three characteristics of World religions 1. It also explores how the evolutionary past of primates and early humans is used and understood by contemporary cultural anthropologists. Worship of a single supreme being. ", a system of beliefs that act to contain natural selfishness of individuals and to promote social cooperation, making sense of cultural systems by studying meaning, concerned with the relationship between culture and personality and the connection between the society and the individual, refers to things that are not human but have humanlike characteristics and behave in humanlike ways, refers to the idea that people know, or think they know, what is going on in other people's minds, a general term for processes of the human brain that include perception, learning, memory, concept formation, and problem solving, a belief that the nature of the supernatural is unknowable, that it is impossible to prove the nonexistence of the supernatural as it is to prove its existence, the way in which societies perceive and interpret their reality, seen by members of the culture as representing events that have actually taken place, although some embellishment often occurs, stories recounted as having really happened, primarily on the Internet or in tabloids, sacred stories that tell the origin of the world and humankind, the existence and activities of gods and spirits, the creation of order in the universe, and the nature of illness and death, explains a culture's view of the proper organization of human relationships, inborn elements of the unconscious that are manifested in dreams and myths, the catastrophic destruction of the world, stories involving heroes throughout the world, the same basic story line followed by all hero myths: "A hero ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural wonder: fabulous forces are there encountered and a decisive victory is won: the hero comes back from this mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons on his fellow man. 3. In what century did this expansion of the materials included in studies of mythology occur? Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 86 The quest for justice Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by lizard2025 Terms in this set (86) What is the primary ethical duty of Khalsa Sikhs? (typical of the transitional stage. Thus crossing oneself in a Catholic Mass would be a ritualized behavior but shaking hands would not. -Concepts like "Heaven " "Hell " or even "prayer . A prominent french social theorist. Sate religions with professional priesthoods. All the answers are correct (as tricksters, totems, were-animals, guardian animals). mile Durkheim (b. TreatmentsBlocks12345A101218208B9615187C8514188. emphasized summarizing symbols, which represent complex sets of ideas, and elaborating metaphors, including root metaphors and key scenarios, ritual involving the manipulation of religious symbols such as prayers, offerings, and readings of sacred literature, rituals that are required to be performed, rituals that arise spontaneously, frequently in times of crisis, rituals performed on a regular basis as part of a religious calendar, rituals performed when a particular need arises, such as a marriage or a death, rituals that attempt to influence or control nature, hunting and gathering rites of intensification, rituals that influence nature in the quest for food, rituals designed to protect the safety of people engaged in dangerous activities, rituals that seek information about the unknown, healing rituals; rituals that deal with illness, accident, and death, rituals that bring about illness, accident, or death, rituals that serve to maintain the normal functioning of a community, rituals that delineate codes of proper behavior and articulate the community's worldview, rituals that accompany changes in an individual's status in society, rituals that focus on the elimination of alien customs and a return to a native way of life, gifts or even bribes, or economic exchange designed to influence the supernatural, the anthropological study of medicinal plants, each position in a series of positions, each one defined in terms of appropriate behavior, rights and obligations, and relationships to one another, the relative placement of each position in the society, a ceremony whereby a male child becomes a member of the Jewish community, the first phase of a rite of passage, in which the individual is removed from his or her former status, the second step in a rite of passage, during which several activities take place that bring about the change in status, the final phase in a rite of passage, during which the individual reenters normal society, though in a new social relationship, the state of ambiguous marginality during which the metamorphisis takes place during a rite of passage, a state in which there is a sense of equality, but the mere fact that a group of individuals is moving through the process together brings about a sense of community and camaraderie, in many traditional societies, the boys who are initiated together and form very close bonds, a specific status defined by age, such as warrior or elder, the removal of the labia minora along with the clitoris, the removal of the entire clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora and the sewing together of the remnants of the labia majora, leaving a small opening for urination and the passing of menstrual blood, an impersonal supernatural force that is found concentrated in special places in the landscape, in particular objects, and in certain people, a characteristic of most symbols: no direct connection with the thing they refer to, the ability to use symbols to refer to things and activities that are remote from the user, the feature of symbols allowing one to create a new symbol, such as a name, to refer to a new object, has a positive meaning such as prosperity and good luck, but most Americans and Europeans looking at it experience anger or dread, any five-sided figure, but generally used to refer to a five-pointed star, the symbol most clearly associated with Christianity, a word that is derived from the first letter of a series of words, a pipe through which a spirit moves from a tomb into a temple sanctuary during rituals, a religious system focusing on expressions of sacred time and space, the fusion of elements from two different cultures, instruments that are struck, shaken, or rubbed, instruments that incorporate a taut membrane or skin, instruments with taut strings that can be plucked or strummed, hit, or sawed, instruments where air is blown across or into some type of passageway, such as a pipe, the manipulation of supernatural power as a direct means of achieving an end, magic depends on the apparent association or agreement between things, things that were once in contact continue to be connected after the connection is severed, assumes there is a causal relationship between things that appear to be similar, based on the premise that things that were once in contact always maintain a connection, the practice of making an image to represent a living person or animal, which can then be killed or injured through doing things to the image, such as sticking pins into the image or burning it, fertility rituals that function to facilitate the successful reproduction of a totem animal, the belief that signs telling of a plant's medical use are somehow embedded within the structure and nature of the plant itself, an oral text that is transmitted without change; the slightest deviation from its traditional form would invalidate the magic, an object in which supernatural power resides, antisocial magic, used to interfere with the economic activities of others and to bring about illness and even death, a perceived revival of pre-Christian religious practices, techniques for obtaining information about things unknown, including events that will occur in the future, involves some type of spiritual experience such as a direct contact with a supernatural being through an altered state of consciousness, usually possession, more magical ways of doing divination, including the reading of natural events as well as the manipulation of oracular devices, refers to a specific device that is used for divination and can refer to inspiration or noninspirational forms, divination that happens without any conscious effort on the part of the individual, divination that someone sets out to do, such as reading tarot cards or examining the liver of a sacrificed animal, refers to divination through contact with the dead or ancestors, fortuitous happenings, or conditions that provide information, reading the path and form of a flight of birds, refers to chance meeting with an animal, such as a black cat crossing one's path, the examination of the entrails of sacrificed animals, the placing of bones in a fire and reading the patterns of burns and cracks to determine a response, the use of flour (as in fortune cookies) for divination, using a forked stick to locate water underground, the reading of the lines of the palm of the hand, the study of the shape and structure of the head, either fortuitous or deliberate, an altered state of consciousness in which a supernatural being (be it an ancestor, a ghost, a spirit, or a god) communicates through an individual, fortuitous in that the prophet receives information through a vision unexpectedly, without any necessary overt action on the part of the individual, the possession of a medium by a spirit who then speaks through the medium, people who undergo deliberate possession involving an overt action whereby the individual falls into a trance, painful and often life-threatening tests that a person who is suspected of guilt may be forced to undergo, such as dipping a hand into hot oil, swallowing poison, or having a red-hot knife blade pressed against some part of the body, the assumption of a causal relationship between celestial phenomenal and terrestrial ones and the influence that the stars and planets have on the lives of human beings, relatively simple forms of magical thinking that represent simple behaviors that directly bring about a simple result, such as carrying a good luck charm, receives his or her power directly from the spirit world; acquires status and abilities, such as healing, through personal communication with the supernatural during shamanic trances or altered states of consciousness, a central vertical axis that links the middle zone, the upper world, and the lower world; allows the movement of the shaman between the realm of the natural and supernatural, a technique of body movements, or magical passes, aiming to increase awareness of the energy fields that humans are made of, "the near universal methods of shamanism without a specific cultural perspective", focused on an individual, as opposed to the community, often as a self-help means of improving one's life; choose to participate and focus on what they consider the positive aspects of shamanism, as opposed to the traditionally recognized "dark side of shamanism", full-time religious specialists associated with formalized religious institutions that may be linked with kinship groups, communities, or larger political units; given religious authority by those units or by formal religious organizations, participate in activities similar to those of U.S. medical practitioners; may set bones, treat sprains with cold, or administer drugs made from native plants and other materials, specialists in the use of plant and other material as cures; may prescribe the materials to be administered or may provide the material as prescribed by a healer or diviner, someone who practices divination, a series of techniques and activities that are used to obtain information about things that are not normally knowable, a mouthpiece of the gods; communicates the words and will of the gods to his or her community and to act as an intermediary between the gods and the people, refers to individuals who have an innate ability to do evil, not depending on ritual to achieve his or her evil ends but simply willing misfortune to occur, a belief in the gratification of one's desires, a new awareness of something that exists in the environment, occurs when a person, using the technology at hand, comes up with a solution to a particular problem, the apparent movement of cultural traits from one society to another, the process of inventing a new trait through the receiving of an idea of one culture from another, the rapid change experienced by a subordinate culture as traits from a dominant culture are accepted, often at a rate that is too rapid to properly integrate the traits of the dominant culture into the subordinate culture, when the dominated society has changed so much that is has ceased to have its own distinct identity, a fusing of traits from two cultures to form something new and yet, at the same time, permit the retention of the old by subsuming the old into a new form, the dispersion of a people from their homeland, a religious or secular movement to bring about a change in society, manifesting as a result of a reaction to assimilation, develop in societies in which the cultural gap between the dominant and subordinate cultures is vast; these movements stress the elimination of the dominant culture and a return to the past, keeping the desirable elements of the dominant culture to which the society has been exposed, but with these elements now under the control of the subordinate culture, attempt to revive what is often perceived as a past golden age in which ancient customs come to symbolize the noble features and legitimacy of the repressed culture, based on a vision of change through an apocalyptic transformation, believe that a divine savior in human form will bring about the solution to the problems that exist within the society, a belief system among members of a relatively undeveloped society in which adherents practice superstitious rituals hoping to bring modern goods supplied by a more technologically advanced society, a grammatically simplified means of communication that develops between two or more groups that do not have a language in common, refers to the deteriorating quality of decisions made by an individual after a long session of decision making.
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